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After you build your Android App Bundle, you should test how Google Playuses it to generate APKs and how those APKs behave when deployed to a device.There are two ways you should consider testing your app bundle: locally using thebundletool
command line tool and through Google Play byuploading your bundle to the Play Consoleand using a test track. This page explains how to use bundletool
to test yourapp bundle locally.
bundletool
is the underlying tool that Gradle, Android Studio, and GooglePlay use to build an Android App Bundle or convert an app bundle into thevarious APKs that are deployed to devices. bundletool
is also available toyou as a command line tool, so you can recreate, inspect, and verify GooglePlay’s server-side build of your app’s APKs.
You should use Android Studio and the Android plugin for Gradle tobuild and sign an Android App Bundle.However, if using the IDE is not an option (for example, because you’re using a continuousbuild server), you can alsobuild your app bundle from the command lineand sign it usingjarsigner
.
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You can not useapksigner
to sign your app bundle.By default, the IDE does not use app bundles to deploy your app to a localdevice for testing. However, you canmodify your run/debug configurationand select the option to deploy APK from app bundle to see how it affectsyour app's execution.
Download bundletool
If you haven't already done so, download bundletool
from theGitHub repository.
Generate a set of APKs from your app bundle
When bundletool
generates APKs from your app bundle, it includes them in acontainer called an APK set archive, which uses the .apks
fileextension. To generate an APK set for all device configurations your appsupports from your app bundle, use the bundletool build-apks
command, asshown below.
If you want to deploy the APKs to a device, you need to also include your app’ssigning information, as shown in the command below. If you do not specifysigning information, bundletool
attempts to sign your APKs with a debug keyfor you.
The table below describes the various flags and options you can set when usingthe bundletool build-apks
command in greater detail. Only--bundle
and --output
are required—all other flags are optional.
Flag | Description |
---|---|
--bundle=path | (Required) Specifies the path to the app bundle you built using Android Studio. To learn more, read Build your project. |
--output=path | (Required) Specifies the name of the output `.apks` file, which contains all the APK artifacts for your app. To test the artifacts in this file on a device, go to the section about how to deploy APKs to a connected device. |
--overwrite | Include this flag if you want to overwrite any existing output file with the same path you specify using the --output option. If you don't include this flag and the output file already exists, you get a build error. |
--aapt2=path | Specifies a custom path to AAPT2. By default, bundletool includes its own version of AAPT2. |
--ks=path | Specifies the path to the deployment keystore used to sign the APKs. This flag is optional. If you don't include it, bundletool attempts to sign your APKs with a debug signing key. |
--ks-pass=pass:password or --ks-pass=file:/path/to/file | Specifies your keystore’s password. If you’re specifying a password in plain text, qualify it with pass: . If you’re passing the path to a file that contains the password, qualify it with file: . If you specify a keystore using the --ks flag without specifying --ks-pass , bundletool prompts you for a password from the command line. |
--ks-key-alias=alias | Specifies the alias of the signing key you want to use. |
--key-pass=pass:password or --key-pass=file:/path/to/file | Specifies the password for the signing key. If you’re specifying a password in plain text, qualify it with pass: . If you’re passing the path to a file that contains the password, qualify it with file: . If this password is identical to the one for the keystore itself, you can omit this flag. |
--connected-device | Instructs bundletool to build APKs that target the configuration of a connected device. If you don’t include this flag, bundletool generates APKs for all device configurations your app supports. |
--device-id=serial-number | If you have more than one connected device, use this flag to specify the serial ID of the device to which you want to deploy your app. |
--device-spec=spec_json | Use this flag to provide a path to a .json file that specifies the device configuration you want to target. To learn more, go to the section about how to Create and use device specification JSON files. |
--mode=universal | Set the mode to universal if you want bundletool to build only a single APK that includes all of your app's code and resources such that the APK is compatible with all device configurations your app supports. Note: Keep in mind, these APKs are larger than those optimized for a particular device configuration. However, they’re easier to share with internal testers who, for example, want to test your app on multiple device configurations. |
--local-testing | Use this flag to enable your app bundle for local testing. Local testing allows for quick, iterative testing cycles without the need to upload to Google Play servers. For an example of how to test module installation using the |
Deploy APKs to a connected device
After you generate a set of APKs, bundletool
can deploy the rightcombination of APKs from that set to a connected device.
For example, if you have a connected device running Android 5.0 (API level 21)or higher, bundletool
pushes the base APK, feature module APKs, andconfiguration APKs required to run your app on that device. Alternatively, ifyour connected device is running Android 4.4 (API level 20) or lower,bundletool
looks for a compatible multi-APK and deploys it to your device.
To deploy your app from an APK set, use the install-apks
command and specifythe path of the APK set using the--apks=/path/to/apks
flag, asshown below. (If you have multiple devices connected, specify a target deviceby adding the --device-id=serial-id
flag.)
--local-testing
flag with the build-apks
command,for local testing to work correctly, you need to use install-apks
to installyour APKs.Generate a device-specific set of APKs
If you’d rather not build a set of APKs for all device configurations your appsupports, you can build APKs that target only the configuration of a connecteddevice using the --connected-device
option, as shown below. (If you havemultiple devices connected, specify a target device by including the--device-id=serial-id
flag.)
Generate and use device specification JSON files
bundletool
is capable of generating an APK set that targets a deviceconfiguration specified by a JSON file. To first generate a JSON file for aconnected device, run the following command:
bundletool
creates a JSON file for your device in the directory the tool islocated. You can then pass it to bundletool
to generate a set of APKs thattarget only the configuration described in that JSON file as follows:
Manually create a device specification JSON
If you don’t have access to the device for which you want to build a targetedAPK set (for example, a friend wants to try your app with a device you don’thave on-hand), you can manually create a JSON file using the following format:
You can then pass this JSON to the bundle extract-apks
command, as describedin the previous section.
Extract device-specific APKs from an existing APK set
If you have an existing APK set and you want to extract from it a subset of APKsthat target a specific device configuration, you can use the extract-apks
command and specify a device specification JSON, as follows:
Measure the estimated download sizes of APKs in an APK set
To measure the estimated download sizes of APKs in an APK set as they wouldbe served compressed over-the-wire, use the get-size total
command:
You can modify the behavior of the get-size total
command using thefollowing flags:
Flag | Description |
---|---|
--apks=path | (Required) Specifies the path to the existing APK set file whose download size is measured. |
--device-spec=path | Specifies the path to the device spec file (from get-device-spec or constructed manually) to use for matching. You can specify a partial path to evaluate a set of configurations. |
--dimensions=dimensions | Specifies the dimensions used when computing the size estimates. Accepts a comma-separated list of: SDK , ABI , SCREEN_DENSITY , and LANGUAGE . To measure across all dimensions, specify ALL . |
--instant | Measures the download size of the instant-enabled APKs instead of the installable APKs. By default, bundletool measures the installable APK download sizes. |
--modules=modules | Specifies a comma-separated list of modules in the APK set to consider in the measurement. The bundletool command automatically includes any dependent modules for the specified set. By default, the command measures the download size of all modules installed during the first download. |
Additional resources
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To learn more about using bundletool
, try the following resource.
Codelabs
Open Apk File Android
- Your First Android App Bundle,a codelab that explores the basic principles of Android App Bundles and showsyou how to quickly get started with building your own using Android Studio.This codelab also explores how to test your app bundlesusing
bundletool
.